Life Issues Institute, v Crohn's disease patients have in fact been treated with stem cells evolved from their own blood. Gentry bases his model on Einstein's static-spacetime paradigm that he claims is the "genuine cosmic Rosetta. The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism. The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back for some 85 million years, as one of the oldest of all surviving placental mammal groups, essay on human evolution. London: Kogan Page 2. Human Essay on human evolution Symbols, the Mind, and the Animal State In Chapter 7 of Maps of Time, David Christian discusses how human language is built not only of "icons" and "indices," which are types of recognition, correlation, and communication that many organisms from bacteria to dogs can use, but primarily of symbols -- a more complex and higher-order level of communication p.
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The discovery of new fossils, the sequencing of the human genome, and the completion of the Human Genome Diversity Project will provide new insights that alter currently cherished beliefs. This has been the history of science in human evolution, so there is no reason to suspect that the trend will change. Still, we are stuck in the present and must do the best we can with the available data. Most biologists suspect that humans and chimpanzees split off from a common ancestor as recently as 4 to 5 million years ago. The split occurred in Africa. One of the first evolutionary developments that distinguish human ancestors from chimps was upright posture. One of the earliest of the human genera, the Australopithecines, who walked upright and had modified hands, but in many other ways resembled a chimp.
They were small between 3 and 4 feet tallhad curved fingers, and a skull with a protruding jaw, a recessed cranium, and heavy ridges behind what are now the eyebrows. The reason for the development of upright posture is unknown, but it certainly permitted the Australopithecines to travel long distances, freed their hands to carry objects, and may even have allowed more efficient thermoregulation. Over the course of 2 million years, several varieties and species of Australopithecines may have cohabited together and possibly even competed with one essay on human evolution in the savanna and woodlands that border the savanna.
Little is known about the behaviour of the Australopithecines other than they probably used tools and were a highly social species as chimps and we are today, essay on human evolution. About 2 mya, fossils begin to appear from our own genus, Homo. Although several species of Homo are recognized, we will lump them all together for didactic purposes and refer to them as Homo erectus. The upper cranium of the skull expanded and assumed a more rounded shape, permitting brain size to increase from about cc to between and cc. Other evolutionary trends continued—the protruding jaw receded a bit, teeth essay on human evolution smaller, and height increased.
Essay 2. The slanted forehead of H. erectus gave way to the large, vertical forehead of modern humans, permitting the brain to increase in size. The skeletal structure attained a gracile form very close to modern humans. Tool use—or at least the evidence of tool use—suggests that it developed into an art. Spearheads essay on human evolution invented, bone instruments were fashioned to sew, pictorial drawings appear in caves, and some implements show evidence of engraving. But human evolution was not finished by 50, ya.
The skeleton continued its gracile development and cranium capacity still increased to give its present day range of to cc, the average today being somewhere between and cc. Most scientists believe that early amh were foraging hunter-gathers. They lived in small, cooperative groups that would settle in a single location and hunt, dig roots, pick fruit, and possibly harvest grain until the immediate resources were depleted, essay on human evolution. Then they would move on. Many hypothesize strong sex-role differences during this period— the guys hunted, the gals gathered. The small human groups—like virtually every other mammalian omnivore— adapt to seasonal change, migrating to areas of optimal foraging and hunting at the appropriate time of year.
Early Homo also became cognizant of genealogy. Barak was not just Barak. Everyone agrees that the increasing human cranial capacity was accompanied by an increase in intellect— memory, symbolic manipulation, learning capacity, etc. The largest anatomical differences between human and chimp brains are in the frontal lobes—those areas associated with executive functioning, evaluation, and reason, essay on human evolution. The increase in frontal material permitted our hominid ancestors to develop culture beyond the simple social learning cultures of macaques, chimps, and bonobos. The reasons behind the evolutionary increase in brain size are not known, although there is no shortage of speculation, essay on human evolution.
The need to fashion better tools, the requirements for sophisticated social interaction with conspecifics, the benefits of symbolic thought and language for competition between human groups have all been postulated as reasons for the intelligence of hominids. It is also possible that the causes for increased brain size shifted over time, say from social communication to symbolic and rational thought to competition. Whatever the reason sthey must have been quite important. Metabolically, the brain is a very expensive organ. Such an expense does not come without important evolutionary tradeoffs, essay on human evolution. Also, the increased brain size pose and still does pose difficult problems for mothers who must squeeze such a large structure through the pelvis and vagina during childbirth.
Two cultural inventions altered the environment for amh. The first was the domestication of certain animal species. A few human populations no longer had to hunt for meat. The second invention was agriculture. It is thought that agriculture-was developed sometime around 10, ya, probably independently in several different areas of the world. But the pattern of its discovery and diffusion is unclear. No matter. The end result was the same— agriculture limited the nomadic wandering of some human populations. They had to stay in a single geographical area to plant, tend, and harvest crops. It is assumed that agricultural populations increased in number. This had two important effects.
First, some agricultural populations migrated into the adjacent areas occupied by hunter-gatherer societies. Because the agriculturists grew in essay on human evolution while the population size of their hunter-gatherer neighbours remained stable, the number of agriculturists would eventually overwhelm the hunter-gatherers. The second effect of population growth under agriculture was an elaboration of social roles. As the technology of raising crops improved, it was essay on human evolution longer necessary for everyone to toil in the fields. The result was an integrated web of codependent roles and occupations, leading to the development of cities and what we now call civilization, the first evidence of which appeared 5, ya.
The archeological record clearly shows that civilization did not start in one place and then spread unchecked throughout the world. Civilization appeared here and there in a series of starts and stops and not from a slow, inexorable diffusion from a single central origin. In a manner still obscure to science, civilizations develop in an area, flourish, essay on human evolution disappear. Indeed, essay on human evolution, the reasons for change in civilizations are some of the greatest mysteries facing social science. Essay 3. Theories of Human Essay on human evolution The first theory is termed the multiregional hypothesis regional continuity hypothesis and is espoused by some physical anthropologists, essay on human evolution. This view holds that Homo erectus populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia underwent convergent evolution and with sufficient gene flow among the geographically separated populations, jointly evolved into amh.
Convergent evolution occurs when different populations face similar selection pressures that lead to the same adaptive response. Development of the fin in fishes and in whales is a classic example in which two very different types of organisms evolved a similar mechanism for swimming through water. Applied to humans, essay on human evolution, the need to seek shelter from temperature extremes is the same as the world-over and could—in theory at least—lead to selection for the increased cognitive skills to build those shelters. Few, if any, advocates of the multiregional hypothesis hold that convergent evolution alone is responsible for the worldwide anatomical similarity of modern humans. Some gene flow is required among geographically separated populations. Theorists posit that there was a sufficient amount of human migrations and mate exchanges between adjacent populations to permit H.
Erectus populations to evolve in similar directions. In this way, mutant but beneficial alleles that originated in Africa could eventually spread to other regions of the Old World, essay on human evolution. The multiregional hypothesis holds that the descendants of Homo erectus are our direct ancestors. Anatomically modern humans are essay on human evolution result of some beneficial mutations that caused an increase in population size, essay on human evolution. Subsequent migrations and interbreeding with extant groups of Homo erectus in different regions of the world spread these mutations, essay on human evolution.
According to this view, Neanderthals were not a different species of hominids that became extinct. Instead, generations of matings between the Neanderthals and the more gracile variant, coupled with a selective advantage for the genes of the gracile variant, essay on human evolution, resulted in a change in the mean of a continuous distribution of skeletal dimensions. The second theory has been dubbed the Garden of Eden or GOE hypothesis. The name of this theory has little to do with the accounts of creation given in the Judaic- Christian tradition.
Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome are in many ways ideal for studying human evolution because they are passed intact from mother to child or from father to son Y chromosome and do not recombine as the DNA on the autosomal chromosomes do. This form of transmission has the mathematical implication that in some very ancient ancestral population, all but one essay on human evolution the mitochondrial variants will eventually die out. After all, the mitochondria of a mother who has only sons will die out as will the Y chromosome of a male who has only daughters. Somewhere in this time period, a single woman lived from whom all current mtDNA is derived.
A man also lived during this time and gave rise to all variants of essay on human evolution Y chromosome seen today. Contrary to popular misconception, this Eve and Adam are not the ancestors of all modern humans. They are the ancestors of only our mitochondrial DNA and the DNA on the Y chromosome. Many other individuals contributed to the DNA in our autosomal chromosomes, essay on human evolution. According to the GOE hypothesis, amh originated somewhere in Africa between 50, andya. The African origin is suggested by the observation that genetic variation is greatest in contemporary African populations.
This ancestral population was possibly a new species of Homo that grew in size and migrated—possibly more than once—out of Africa and into the Middle East. One hallmark of the GOE theory is population replacement. Advocates of this speculate that early Homo essay on human evolution were a completely different species that did not interbreed with the populations of H. erectus and Neanderthals with whom it came into contact. Instead, they competed with those populations and eventually replaced them, essay on human evolution. Two types of data are used in support of the GOE theory. First, archeological investigations show noticeable skeletal differences between Neanderthals, recent Homo erectus populations and the gracile form that is assumed to be our direct ancestor.
In parts of Eurasia, the emergence of these fossils also coincides with a marked advancement in technology stretching from Europe to Siberia. The second line of evidence consists of the molecular genetic data, essay on human evolution. Estimates of the time frame for human origins from these data fit very well with the archeological data. Essay 4.
business cycle essay
Personnel Psychology, 61, Some writers have also reverberated the dread that human security could become a philosophical tool. Does Respectable Conception it work? Altering Facets OF Human Safety. Founded on this apparently un fluctuating contrast of opinions produced by procedural insufficiencies and possible incoherency, there is other approaches that can be proposed. Certainly, Sabine Alkire describes the goal of human security as "being to defend the vigorous center of all human lives in methods that progress individual liberties and human contentment," a description that replicates Galtungian measurements of human growth. ut in spite of the likelihood of uncertainty and haziness natural in such a…. Bibliography Roberts, D.
Empowering the Human Security Debate: Making it Coherent and Meaningful. International Journal of WorldPiece, 3. Snedeker, Laura. Suhrke, A. Human Security and the interests of States. Sage Publications, Kumar, C. Human resource management, whether specifically titled or not, has been a part of any organization's management since groups banded together for specific tasks. Ancient armies, projects, and even educational and religious institutions all had concerns about their ability to bring in the appropriate person for the positions at hand. Formally, Human esource Management in the contemporary world is both the tactical and strategic manner in which an organization manages the human portion of its resources, both collectively and individually, and how management of those individual resources contributes to the overall positive objects of the business.
Over the past few decades, though, and with the advent of increasingly sophisticated technology, Human esource management has changed from using people to employ people, develop people, and track the utilization and compensation of their services. Instead, a newer system has evolved using computers, database management, and data mining to provide more optimal ways in…. aspx Armstrong, M. Strategic Human Resource Management 4th ed. Philadelphia: Kogan. Budd, J. Labor Relations: Striking a Balance. Effron, M. Human Resources in the 21st Century. New York: Wiley. Human esource Information System The introduction of information technology has changed how business is conducted and management of various departments within the organizations.
The human resource department has undergone through computerization with some organization adjusting to the latest application in the market. Therefore, human resource information system HIS can be defined as a system used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, retrieve and distribute information regarding an organization's human resource. This information is usually done in a database or more often in serious of inter-related databases Susan Heathfield, The information contained in human resource information system normally serves as a guide to recruiters, trainers, careers planner and other human resource specialists CP Team, However, the system allows companies to cut down costs and provides more productive information to employees in faster and very convenient manner.
This therefore is more important during hard economic times; because a company needs to…. Reference John W. Boudreau Cost-Benefit" Analysis Applied to Personnel, Cornell University Human Resource Management Decisions Mohan Thite, Michael Kavanagh. Richard D. Johnson Evolution of Human Resource Management and Human Resource Information Systems. Traditionally, there has always been a dividing line between operational managers and personnel managers who are now called human resource managers. In the United States the function of personnel management has been a recognized function since the National Cash Register Company had opened their personnel office in the s. The American personnel managers have always closely identified themselves with the objectives of the organization and this may be considered as a unitary tradition.
Bibliography Rowland, K. And Summers, S. Human resource planning: A second look. Personnel Administrator, December, Lorange, P. And Murphy, D. Bring human resources into strategic planning: Systems design considerations. In: Fombrun, C. And Devanna, M. Prescription vs. practice: the state of human resource planning in large U. Paper presented at the Southern Management Association meeting, , November, New Orleans, Louisiana. Golden, K. And Ramanujam, V. Between a dream and a nightmare: On the integration of the human resource management and strategic business planning processes. Human Resource Management, vol. This virtually means that the international community could soon observe mutations in the type and nature of the outsourced processes. In general terms, companies are looking to outsource growing numbers of more complex operations as they are not willing to assume the risks and make the necessary investments.
In this order of ideas, they outsource the operations to firms which have already made the investments and assumed the risks. While the companies recognized and capitalized on the benefits of outsourcing, the communities identified the limitations of the processes. The most common dissatisfaction was linked to the fact that outsourcing took jobs away from national workers and gave them to foreigners. In , over , jobs within the United States…. asp last accessed on March 15, Benaud, C. htm last accessed on March 15, In the realm of aviation safety, human factors in design relate primarily to purposeful redundancy in accordance with accurately anticipated component or system failures Human Factors in Pilot Performance and Equipment Maintenance: Two specific pilot performance issues developed as modern aviation technology increased aircraft performance and computers automated components of in-flight pilot responsibilities.
Jet power quickly enabled military aircraft to exceed the natural human limits of g-force tolerance and computerization in civilian aviation presented potential pilot performance issues ranging from the need for problem solving through complex check lists to pilot complacency and inattention resulting from excessive reliance on instruments APA, Military flight training addressed g-force tolerance, and as civilian flight operations became less physically strenuous and more automatic, much of human factor pilot training shifted from actual flight hour experience to emphasizing check list protocols, trouble shooting, crew communications and cooperation, and attentiveness skills practiced in simulators Barron,….
Bath, U. Human Dev Symbols, the Mind, and the Animal State In Chapter 7 of Maps of Time, David Christian discusses how human language is built not only of "icons" and "indices," which are types of recognition, correlation, and communication that many organisms from bacteria to dogs can use, but primarily of symbols -- a more complex and higher-order level of communication p. This is only part of a larger discussion on the development of human history, however it is worthy of consideration simply as its own advancement and unique feature. An understanding of how language is a definitive feature of humanity, and of the implications of a division between man and nature, creates valuable insights for understanding human development. As explained by Christian , certain associations can be made by many organisms between similar or concurrent experiences in a way that might appear to be symbolic learning or communication,….
References Christian, D. Maps of Time. Berkley: University of California Press. Emmerich, R. The Day After Tomorrow. Twentieth Century Fox Films. Levi, P. Accessed 4 March It closely links human rights violations with national and international insecurities. And the concept enhances development thinking by expanding real freedoms already enjoyed by people. Protecting security, therefore, urgently requires a new consensus among all countries, whether developed or developing. It must aim at reviewing current foreign policies and aiming at creating real opportunities for people's safety and dignity. Rethinking the Concept Human security focuses more on generalized poverty than average well-being.
General poverty means being below a threshold of well-being. A policy on human security concerns itself mainly with persons in situations of deep want. Human development pertains to average levels of human well-being. Many believe that human security must be a priority in human development. A "prioritarian" view is for the improvement of everyone but emphasis on that of those at the bottom. An egalitarian view wants well-being to be distributed across all persons. An egalitarian person will…. Human Security. Manual on Human Rights Education with Young People: Council of Europe, pdf; internet: accessed 29 Oct Fuentes, Claudia F. And Aravena, Francisco Rojas.
Promoting Human Security: Ethical, Normative and Educational Frameworks in Latin America and the Caribbean. When business needs and adds prestige to urban heritage, religions, however, that mark their territories of pagodas, churches, monasteries, mosques and other places of worship, this singularity is affirmed more, while the forms of urban and rural habitat are specified, they are luxuries or miserable. And civilization, always customary in everyday life acquires additional visibility monumental materializing the skills of craftsmen-artists who enrich the work of the builders. Added to this are, of course, the wealth and prestige that comes from adding additional, oral traditions of all time, written tradition gradually spread to shops and palaces, and the ideological apparatuses of all kinds, from which they eventually win the depths of peoples.
o, the graphics become, like languages, distinctive marks of the various civilizations. Maturation profoundly affects trade flows of civilization. On the one…. Stocking, George, Victorian Anthropology, Free Press, , ISBN Trigger, Bruce, Sociocultural Evolution: Calculation and Contingency New Perspectives on the Past , Blackwell Publishers, , ISBN Reade, Julian Assyrian King-Lists, the Royal Tombs of Ur, and Indus Origins. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60 1 Through this, the owner of Ford Motors Corporation was able to increase production levels and to reduce costs. year on year.
This focus allowed him to reduce costs, even though he payed his workers well, and provide a great value product to the customer" Lean Manufacture Website, The editors at the Lean Manufacturing Guide online implement an approach similar to the editors at the Lean Manufacture Website. From their standpoint, lean manufacturing is an organizational effort by which waste is being reduced with the purpose of creating more value to the final product. In their own words, lean manufacturing is a "systematic approach to…. References: Blacharski, D. htm last accessed on September 29, Deming, W. Ross Publishing, ISBN Nilson, K. We have never prescribed a "let-it-blow policy for tornadoes and hurricanes, a "let-it-erupt" policy for volcanoes or a "let-it-grind" policy for glaciers.
Why, then, did we need a "let-it-burn" policy for fires, or surrogate strategies like prescribed fire? Humans and fire have an inseparable history. persisted much of the 20th century: the Clementsian view of regional convergence towards a vegetation life-form created by autogenic succession in the presence of stable climate. Agee, J. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-PVOL Leong, J. nd Evolution of Fire Science. During the period from April to June, the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS outbreak had a negative impact on Thai economies. Seenprachawong U. However many studies of the tourist industry in the country point out that it is extremely resilient and " in the tsunami disaster, a quick recovery process began after a deep sentiment of sadness.
Investment recovered very quickly with a view to cleaning up the destruction left behind. Following recent years of strong growth, the economy of Thailand should be in a strong position to recover from this tragedy. Conclusion There is little doubt that the Thai tourist industry is one that is extremely dependent on changes in the natural environment and influences on the culture from the outside. While the resilience of this industry have be shown in the face of natural disasters,…. Bibliography Asia Market Research. March 16, asp Community-Based Tourism in Doi Inthanon National Park:Case Study of Ban Mae Klang Luang Tourism Alliance, Chiangmai, Thailand. Evolution of Transportation Transportation is one of the tools obligatory by civilized man to get order out of disorder.
It arrives into each segment and facet of our continuation. Considered as of every point-of-view, economic, political and military, it is indisputably the most significant industry in the world. You can no more function a grocery store or a brewery than you can win a war devoid of transportation. The more multifaceted life turns out to be, the more essential are the effects that make up our transportation systems Moulton, History Of Transportations In the sixty years as of the s to the s, the United States acknowledged what has been appropriately phrased a 'transportation revolution'. Revolutionary it in fact was, for the social, economic, as well as political consequences of the alterations in transportation were extensive and transformative. More often than not historians recognize actions such as the enlargement….
Bibliography H. Moulton, Controlling Factors in Economic Development. The Brookings Institution, , esp. Chapter VIII. Stanley I. Fischler, Moving Millions. New York: Harper and Row, William D. The Time of the Trolley. Milwaukee, WI: Kalmbach Press, Solomon et al. History of Transit and Innovative Systems. Washington, DC: U. Department of Commerce, The second phase would include using these metrics in order to gather the appropriate results. Finally, the third phase implies interpreting those results and using them to gain a competitive strategic advantage on the market. The phase dealing with the development of qualitative and quantitative metrics brings about some of the usual challenges in terms of measuring things: what metrics best reflect the performance of a certain activity? In the case of human capital, quantitative metrics can sometimes be a simple as sales growth per employee or changes in financial performance and productivity.
There are several problems, however, with this type of approach. The direct link between the changes in financial performance and human capital results is difficult to prove and, quite often, a negative change in financial performance is not necessarily caused by negative performances of human capital. For example, external factors, such as the current economic crisis, could…. Bibliography 1. Armstrong, Michael A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 10th ed. London: Kogan Page 2. Fitz-enz, Jac. February The ROI of Human Capital: Measuring the Economic Value of Employee Performance.
AMACOM; Second Edition. GAO A Guide For Assessing Strategic Training and Development Efforts in the Federal Government. Last retrieved on August 1, 4. Ingham, Jon. Strategic Human Capital Management: Creating Value Through People. Butterworth-Heinemann; 1 edition. On the other hand however, it gives rise to an exclusive attitude and a multiple layer style of development and economic evolution because there will always be countries that fail to keep up with innovative technology, high tech research and revolutionary concepts which stand at the basis of today's creative industries.
This is why the population in least developed countries does not consider globalization as being benefic for the improvement in their standard of living. All in all, it can be said that the success and nature of a process is totally dependent of the perspective which is under analysis. Concerning stem cell research, arguments coming from the medical point-of-view favor the continuing of the research while those embracing the religious and ethical perspective strongly disagree. Similarly, depending on the point-of-view, globalization can be seen as both an inclusive and an exclusive process. ibliography Holland, Suzanne, Karen Lebacqz, and Laurie…. Bibliography Holland, Suzanne, Karen Lebacqz, and Laurie Zoloth Editor.
The Human Embryonic Stem Cell Debate: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy Basic Bioethics. Cambridge: MIT Press, Globalization: Threat or Opportunity? htm II National Academy of Sciences. Potential U. Patient Populations for Stem Cell-Based Therapies. OpenDocument Reaves, Jessica. This transformation of the user experience is critical for the cognitive value of all these attributes together to make the contribution they are capable of Mirel, Olsen, Finally the contextual aspects of ergonomics and usability need to be addressed in any new product, software or website development. The contextual role of design puts information into a meaningful framework for the immediate and active use of those it was designed for Massey, Khatri, Montoya-Weiss, Contextual ergonomics includes an awareness of the needs of those using the product, experiencing its information and seeking to make the most of it via a universal design structure.
Attractiveness and the ability to define customization is critical, as is the need for ensuring transparency of how the elements are integrated together to deliver a consistent user experience. eferences Cappel, J. A usability analysis of company websites. The Journal of Computer…. References Cappel, J. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 48 1 , Georgievski, M. Re-engineering the usability-testing process for live multimedia systems. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 19 1 , Massey, a. Decision Sciences, 38 2 , Mirel, B. Social and cognitive effects of professional communication on software usability. Technical Communication Quarterly, 7 2 ,. This bill was sent to the U. Senate and set for vote mirroring a bill previously passed by the House during the Summer of which failed to pass the Senate because of vehement disagreement that was even "within the parties over the prohibition of therapeutic cloning.
National Legislation Concerning Human and Reproductive Cloning, ; paraphrased As of the date of the report on legislation eight U. states had passed laws that explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning using human embryos and another five U. states have placed a prohibition on cloning for any purpose whatsoever with 22 other U. states introducing bills outlawing the reproductive cloning of humans. Ibid; paraphrased Patenting laws for genetics allow inventors to patent genetics but only specific genetic factors may be patented and inventors are required to: 1 Identify novel genetic sequences; 2 Specify the sequence's product, 3 Specify how the product functions in nature --i.
Bibliography O'Connor, Sean M. nd Intellectual Property Rights and Stem Cell Research: Who Owns the Medical Breakthroughs? nd Overview of Stem Cell Research New England Law Journal Mar Chadwick, Ruth et al. However, on a subconscious level, he may be drawn specifically to the types of personalities in women who display every indication that they are highly judgmental and critical and rigid in their expectations, and who represent all of the same problems that he resents consciously in his mother. In both cases, the individual associates love with aspects of earlier foundational relationships. In principle, psychologists refer to this phenomenon as re-enactment of foundational conflicts in the family of origin that have never been properly resolved in the psyche of the individual.
As a result, many people end up choosing life partners who allow them to recreate or re-enact precisely the same psychological and interpersonal dynamics as those they experienced within their own families. Naturally, where the family of origin was healthy and loving, that tendency is beneficial because it motivates the individual to seek out and form bonds with others who…. The issue involves one institution awarding PLA credits, and when a student then transfers to a similar program at another institution or applies to a higher level program after graduating, the second institution may not recognize the PLA credits.
The concern exists predominantly in the gap between program levels, for example a diploma graduate applying to a baccalaureate program, a baccalaureate graduate applying to a master's program. It is thought that if this is left unaddressed, increasing PLA practices may well lower a barrier at one educational level, while raising a barrier at the next Advancing PLA in Alberta -- an Action Plan, Another problem that has been associated with PLA is institutional funding for both human resources and operations. There is a concern among institutions about being required to implement or increase their PLA practices without additional government funding to support it. Most institutions currently do not have….
References Advancing PLAR in Alberta -- an Action Plan. pdf Applying education and skills to real employment opportunities. Retrieved July 22, , from State of Washington Web site:. The intesection between envionmental influences and cultue ceates an aea of social inteest with a focus on human evolution. Empiical eseach shows that the society plays a significant ole in shaping the evolution of human beings as evidenced by psychological analysis of human evolution. Among the factos that dive human beings to stive to undestand thei evolution, include paleoanthopology esults that povide unique infomation that povides significant evidence to the aspects of human evolution postulated to have occued millions of yeas ago.
Results fom fossil studies such as inceasing bain size and…. references: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12 01 , 1 -- Croll, E. Bush Base, Forest Farm: Culture, Environment, and Development. Darlington, P. Altruism: Its characteristics and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 75 1 , -- Eagly, A. The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions vs. social roles. American Psychologist, 54 6 , -- Foley, R. The adaptive legacy of human evolution: A search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness.
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 4 6 , -- The most arrangement of these hominids is as shown in the table above antala, , p. Conclusion Humans have undergone a series of evolution from the most primitive hominids to the modern man. The development in the structure of the hominids was gradual; with almost half being upright and the rest being bent creatures. Evolution is expected to continue and man is expected to evolve into a different creature depending on the use and disuse of his limbs. Macroevolution gives finer details about the origin of humans and tries to bring out substantive information from carbon dating that indicate that for real man is a product of a continuous evolution and thus is thus not the final product of evolution.
However, the theory of evolution has faced a lot of criticism especially from the Theologians whose views about the origin of humans are contrary to those of macroevolution. The theory…. References Barsh, G. What controls variation in human skin colour? Journal on Biological Principles. Fleagle, J. Primate Adaptation and Evolution, Second Edition. New York: Academic Press. As Miller indicates, "the capacity for life is built into matter. In fact, the key molecules of life are largely constructed from just a few relatively few atoms, such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In that sense, the chemical properties of these atoms are what makes life possible.
Chapter 6: The orld That Knew e ere Coming Miller's text is frequently refers to claims that man is crafted in God's image as one of the fundamental arguments against evolution. The religious right has long clung tightly to this idea as a cause for viewing the course of human progress as separate from that of other species. This chapter refutes this claim by examining the concept of evolution in…. Works Cited: Balaram, P. Creation, Evolution and Intelligent Design. Current Science, 86 9. Miller, K. Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul. Viking Adult. A year-old volcanic or other induced "winter" likely spurred the divergence possibly even later than , years ago, brought about by an explosion of Toba in Sumatra.
The elimination of this bottleneck 10, years later allowed another wave of emigration from Africa. Volcanic winter may have succeeded in the reductions of populations to levels low enough for founder effects, genetic drift and local adaptations to produce rapid population differentiation Ambrose -- This new research posits new assumptions about evolutionary rates, anagenesis, gene flow and population stability. Most biological evolution consists of the following two processes: anagenesis and cladogenesis. Anagenesis describes the transformations that occur within a single lineage, that is, as a population develops new characteristics. Cladogenesis, describes the splitting of a single species into two or more groups that later subsequently diverge in their individual traits through the anagenetic process.
Gene flow and population stability…. Works Cited Ambrose, Stephen H. Johanson, Donald. Rather, he advances a notion, equally integral to his theology as his understanding of evolution that the creation of humankind in God's own image is unique, and created a new level of complexity on the earth when it was interjected into the world. Human thought and thus human existence is parallel but somehow more complex than the evolution of the biological, material world. What about his thought may be most helpful? Tielhard's reconciliation of evolution and theology is valuable to Catholics who seek to balance their understanding of their place in the world with the hard, scientific evidence that suggests humans have evolved from other organism.
It also imbues the idea of evolution with a moral responsibility that Darwin's theory lacks -- as more complex organisms, capable of higher consciousness, we have an added obligation to understand the world, spiritually as well as scientifically, to understand that world and to…. Evolution Is True What Is Evolution? Of these, the foremost is the evolution concept itself, which implies genetic modification of any given species with time. To elaborate, over a number of generations, species of animals may transform into a rather different animal because of DNA modifications whose origins lie in the mutation process within the body.
The gradualism concept constitutes the second element of the theory of evolution. Over several generations, a significant evolutionary transformation occurs in the species e. The subsequent elements may be considered two halves of one coin. It is an incredible and unbelievable fact that although innumerable living species exist, each and every one has a few common basic characteristics, including the…. References Coyne, J. Why evolution is true. Penguin Neuner, K. Review - Why Evolution is True. iii in the United States, Brazil, Germany and France, humans have been receiving their own stem cells to re-grow heart muscle in the unforeseen incident of heart attack or injury.
This was found to be successful in majority of the cases. iv in one more incident, the vision of 23 patients was restored after limbal adult stem cell transplants. This line of therapeutic care has assisted a lot of people who have been suffering from blindness for years together that includes the sufferers of mustard gas attacks in Iraqi. Life Issues Institute, v Crohn's disease patients have in fact been treated with stem cells evolved from their own blood. vii a research of Parkinson's disease displayed an average improvement…. References AAAS Center for Science, Technology and Congress. As is the case with many sexually reproducing organisms, human females have evolved a marked preference for both physical and behavioral male traits consistent with the ability to provide physical protection and to garner both natural and social resources.
Whereas some of those traits are observable externally such as relative size , others are imperceptible on any conscious level. This is particularly true as regards heterozygous potential conducive to healthy offspring, such as the marked unconscious preference demonstrated…. References Ackerman, D. New York: Vintage Barash, D. New York: Henry Holt. Learning Tools Study Documents Writing Guides About us FAQs Our Blog Citation Generator Flash Card Generator Login SignUp. Filter By:. Keyword s Filter by Keywords: add comma between each. Most Relevant Recently Added Most Popular. Home Topics Science Human Evolution Essays Human Evolution Essays Examples.
Having trouble coming up with an Essay Title? Use our essay title generator to get ideas and recommendations instantly. sapiens, were skilled hunters, used fire, cared for their sick and injured, and possibly communicated through a… Works Cited: Bradt, Steve. The African continent is termed as the Cradle of human kind by many explorers, among the archeologists and… Reference Billion Years. Random forces are considered "chance transmissions" that may… Bibliography Acerbi, a. The… References Campbell, M. Secondly, the significant evolutionary modification apparently related to an overall 'slowing down' of hominid developmental rates that… References Broker, Stephen P. This paper's primary objective is employment of new analytical strategies that utilize the current scientific base, thus allowing rigorous testing of the manner in which mankind's evolution and species' adaptability is influenced by culture… Works cited Alexander, Richard D.
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But human evolution was not finished by 50, ya. The skeleton continued its gracile development and cranium capacity still increased to give its present day range of to cc, the average today being somewhere between and cc. Most scientists believe that early amh were foraging hunter-gathers. They lived in small, cooperative groups that would settle in a single location and hunt, dig roots, pick fruit, and possibly harvest grain until the immediate resources were depleted. Then they would move on. Many hypothesize strong sex-role differences during this period— the guys hunted, the gals gathered.
The small human groups—like virtually every other mammalian omnivore— adapt to seasonal change, migrating to areas of optimal foraging and hunting at the appropriate time of year. Early Homo also became cognizant of genealogy. Barak was not just Barak. Everyone agrees that the increasing human cranial capacity was accompanied by an increase in intellect— memory, symbolic manipulation, learning capacity, etc. The largest anatomical differences between human and chimp brains are in the frontal lobes—those areas associated with executive functioning, evaluation, and reason. The increase in frontal material permitted our hominid ancestors to develop culture beyond the simple social learning cultures of macaques, chimps, and bonobos.
The reasons behind the evolutionary increase in brain size are not known, although there is no shortage of speculation. The need to fashion better tools, the requirements for sophisticated social interaction with conspecifics, the benefits of symbolic thought and language for competition between human groups have all been postulated as reasons for the intelligence of hominids. It is also possible that the causes for increased brain size shifted over time, say from social communication to symbolic and rational thought to competition.
Whatever the reason s , they must have been quite important. Metabolically, the brain is a very expensive organ. Such an expense does not come without important evolutionary tradeoffs. Also, the increased brain size pose and still does pose difficult problems for mothers who must squeeze such a large structure through the pelvis and vagina during childbirth. Two cultural inventions altered the environment for amh. The first was the domestication of certain animal species. A few human populations no longer had to hunt for meat. The second invention was agriculture. It is thought that agriculture-was developed sometime around 10, ya, probably independently in several different areas of the world.
But the pattern of its discovery and diffusion is unclear. No matter. The end result was the same— agriculture limited the nomadic wandering of some human populations. They had to stay in a single geographical area to plant, tend, and harvest crops. It is assumed that agricultural populations increased in number. This had two important effects. First, some agricultural populations migrated into the adjacent areas occupied by hunter-gatherer societies. Because the agriculturists grew in size while the population size of their hunter-gatherer neighbours remained stable, the number of agriculturists would eventually overwhelm the hunter-gatherers. The second effect of population growth under agriculture was an elaboration of social roles.
As the technology of raising crops improved, it was no longer necessary for everyone to toil in the fields. The result was an integrated web of codependent roles and occupations, leading to the development of cities and what we now call civilization, the first evidence of which appeared 5, ya. The archeological record clearly shows that civilization did not start in one place and then spread unchecked throughout the world. Civilization appeared here and there in a series of starts and stops and not from a slow, inexorable diffusion from a single central origin. In a manner still obscure to science, civilizations develop in an area, flourish, and disappear. Indeed, the reasons for change in civilizations are some of the greatest mysteries facing social science. Essay 3.
Theories of Human Evolution: The first theory is termed the multiregional hypothesis regional continuity hypothesis and is espoused by some physical anthropologists. This view holds that Homo erectus populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia underwent convergent evolution and with sufficient gene flow among the geographically separated populations, jointly evolved into amh. Convergent evolution occurs when different populations face similar selection pressures that lead to the same adaptive response. Development of the fin in fishes and in whales is a classic example in which two very different types of organisms evolved a similar mechanism for swimming through water. Applied to humans, the need to seek shelter from temperature extremes is the same as the world-over and could—in theory at least—lead to selection for the increased cognitive skills to build those shelters.
Few, if any, advocates of the multiregional hypothesis hold that convergent evolution alone is responsible for the worldwide anatomical similarity of modern humans. Some gene flow is required among geographically separated populations. Theorists posit that there was a sufficient amount of human migrations and mate exchanges between adjacent populations to permit H. Erectus populations to evolve in similar directions. In this way, mutant but beneficial alleles that originated in Africa could eventually spread to other regions of the Old World. The multiregional hypothesis holds that the descendants of Homo erectus are our direct ancestors.
Anatomically modern humans are the result of some beneficial mutations that caused an increase in population size. Subsequent migrations and interbreeding with extant groups of Homo erectus in different regions of the world spread these mutations. According to this view, Neanderthals were not a different species of hominids that became extinct. Instead, generations of matings between the Neanderthals and the more gracile variant, coupled with a selective advantage for the genes of the gracile variant, resulted in a change in the mean of a continuous distribution of skeletal dimensions. The second theory has been dubbed the Garden of Eden or GOE hypothesis.
The name of this theory has little to do with the accounts of creation given in the Judaic- Christian tradition. Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome are in many ways ideal for studying human evolution because they are passed intact from mother to child or from father to son Y chromosome and do not recombine as the DNA on the autosomal chromosomes do. This form of transmission has the mathematical implication that in some very ancient ancestral population, all but one of the mitochondrial variants will eventually die out. After all, the mitochondria of a mother who has only sons will die out as will the Y chromosome of a male who has only daughters.
Somewhere in this time period, a single woman lived from whom all current mtDNA is derived. A man also lived during this time and gave rise to all variants of the Y chromosome seen today. Contrary to popular misconception, this Eve and Adam are not the ancestors of all modern humans. They are the ancestors of only our mitochondrial DNA and the DNA on the Y chromosome. Many other individuals contributed to the DNA in our autosomal chromosomes. According to the GOE hypothesis, amh originated somewhere in Africa between 50, and , ya. The African origin is suggested by the observation that genetic variation is greatest in contemporary African populations.
This ancestral population was possibly a new species of Homo that grew in size and migrated—possibly more than once—out of Africa and into the Middle East. One hallmark of the GOE theory is population replacement.
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